نامه به سردبیر
Alireza Jabari; Gholamreza Sharifirad; Azad Shokri; Najmeh Bahman Ziari; Ayan Kordi; Ahmad Rajab Zadeh
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 1-2
Original Article
Mohammadreza Amiresmaili; Leila Zarei; Elaheh Sheibani; Azimeh Arabpur
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 3-15
Abstract
Introduction: Evaluation of hospital information system (HIS) is a complex endeavor, in which allhuman, technical and organizational aspects should be considered. This study aimed to develop indicatorsfor HIS evaluation.Methods: Present qualitative study was carried out through a cross-sectional method ...
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Introduction: Evaluation of hospital information system (HIS) is a complex endeavor, in which allhuman, technical and organizational aspects should be considered. This study aimed to develop indicatorsfor HIS evaluation.Methods: Present qualitative study was carried out through a cross-sectional method in 2012 in Kermanprovince, Iran, using Delphi technique. Given the objectives of this study, three independent phases wereperformed including literature review, providing draft indicators for HIS evaluation and reachingconsensus. Required data were obtained through interviews and designed forms. Twenty-three expertscomposed the study population in interview and reaching consensus phases. Validity and reliability wereconfirmed through content validity and test-retest method, respectively. Data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics.Results: Final set of indicators for HIS evaluation consisted of ninety-one indicators under 8 main topics,i.e. technical quality, software quality, architecture and interface quality, vendor quality, after-sale servicesquality, workflow support quality, support department, outcome quality and HIS cost.Conclusion: Given the complexity of information system evaluation, all human, technical andorganizational aspects have to be taken into account in any evaluation. Proposed indicators provide thepossibility of comprehensive evaluation of HIS.
Original Article
Farahnaz Sadoughi; Masoud Salehi; Leila Amirhajlou
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 16-25
Abstract
Introduction: Good data management practices are essential to any clinical trial, yet this area is one ofwhich can be neglected during the planning stages of a trial. This study focused on the management of thedata during each stage of the life for a trial from planning to archive in compliance with ...
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Introduction: Good data management practices are essential to any clinical trial, yet this area is one ofwhich can be neglected during the planning stages of a trial. This study focused on the management of thedata during each stage of the life for a trial from planning to archive in compliance with good clinical datamanagement practice (GCDMP) standard in clinical trials conducted by the clinical research centers.Methods: This cross-sectional study about data management of clinical trials in clinical research centerswas conducted in 2010. A checklist containing 239 questions for total objectives was developed using thestandards described in the GCDMP. Based on the Ministry of Health evaluation scores, clinical researchcenters were divided into three categories of strong, average, and weak. We reviewed documents,facilities, records and any other resources of 15 clinical trials for each category. Collected data wereanalyzed by Mann-Whitney U and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests using SPSS software.Results: Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between strong, average, andweak groups. In terms of data quality and reporting, no statistically significant difference was indicateedbetween strong and average clinical trials groups.Conclusion: Clinical trial data management in Iran did not meet GCDMP requirements. Therefore,development of national specific and practical standard with technical detail, establishing a data qualitymonitoring committee, clinical research assistant training for GCDMP requirements are necessary forachieving data quality and international expectations.
Original Article
Jahanpour Alipour; Afsaneh Karimi; Leila Erfannia; Mahnaz Shahrakipour; Mohammad Hossein Hayavi Haghighi; Abbas Kadkhoda; Kobra Mirshekar
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 26-34
Abstract
Introduction: Reliability of diagnoses coding is essential for the use of data in national and internationallevels. The present study compared the reliability of diagnoses coding with 10th version of theInternational Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) between the two groups of coders.Methods: Two hundred ...
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Introduction: Reliability of diagnoses coding is essential for the use of data in national and internationallevels. The present study compared the reliability of diagnoses coding with 10th version of theInternational Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) between the two groups of coders.Methods: Two hundred and forty five priorly coded medical records from five public hospitals affiliatedto Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran were re-coded by hospital coders and researcher in thefirst half of 2011. Data collection was done through a checklist. Validity of this instrument was confirmedby the experts. Intra-rater reliability (reliability of coder) and inter-rater reliability (reliability of priorcodes with researcher codes or current codes of coder with researcher codes) were assessed in differentlevel of diagnoses using Cohen’s Kappa.Results: In the most cases, inter-rate reliability was almost perfect. Only in level of first three character ofprinciple diagnoses value of Kappa was moderate (K = 0.52). Furthermore, external reliability in mostcases was upper than moderate. Only reliability of codes dedicated by researcher and prior codes onmedical records in the fifth character of principle diagnosis was low (K = 0.18), the fourth character of thefirst other diagnosis was moderate (K= 0.60), and also in chapter level of the third, the other diagnosiswere moderate (K= 0.54). Furthermore, Kappa value (between coder and researcher) for principle diagnosisin the first three character was moderate (K = 0.47), and in the fifth character level was low (K = 0.18).Conclusion: Reliability of diagnoses coding was appropriate in level of chapter and the fourth characterand was not appropriate in three levels of the first and fourth characters. This could be resulted from errorselection of principle diagnosis in multiple-coding and negligence of coder to level of specificity incoding. Thus, implementation of in-service educational programs for coders seems essential
Original Article
Roxana Sharifian; Mohtaram Nematollahi; Hossein Monem; Fatemeh Ebrahimi
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 35-46
Abstract
Introduction: One of the main characteristics of a hospital information system (HIS) is confidentiality.Studies have shown that the security requirements on electronic health records are not fully met in Iran.This study was conducted to determine the percentage of HIPAA (health insurance portability ...
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Introduction: One of the main characteristics of a hospital information system (HIS) is confidentiality.Studies have shown that the security requirements on electronic health records are not fully met in Iran.This study was conducted to determine the percentage of HIPAA (health insurance portability andaccountability act) security safeguard application in university hospitals of Shiraz University of MedicalSciences in 2010.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population included university hospitalsof Shiraz University of Medical Sciences equipped with HIS. Data were collected by a checklist throughinterview with the IT authorities of the hospitals. The checklist was in accordance with HIPAA securitystandard rules. Tool validity was checked by the content validity method. Data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics.Results: The risk management and data backup plan, two out of seven required administrative securitysafeguards (i.e. risk analysis, risk management, sanction policy, information system activity review, databackup plan, disaster recovery plan, and emergency mode operation plan), were fully applied in all thehospitals. Both of two required physical security safeguards, disposal and media reuse, were applied in themajority of the hospitals. Of the two required technical security safeguards, unique user identifications,and emergency access procedure were applied only in one of the hospitals.Conclusion: Operational planning must be implemented in order to increase the application of requiredadministrative security safeguards. Full application of the required physical security safeguards, which areclose to reach, and the required technical security safeguards could be the main steps in promotingsecurity of the HIS.
Original Article
Mohammad Reza Delavi; Hassan Ghorbani; Fakhrodin Simakani
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 47-57
Abstract
Introduction: Hospital information system (HIS) plays an important role in enhancing the quality ofremedy in hospitals. HIS is considered as an information system that may have great influence on theeffectiveness and efficiency of hospital management. Evaluation system is one of the most importantissues ...
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Introduction: Hospital information system (HIS) plays an important role in enhancing the quality ofremedy in hospitals. HIS is considered as an information system that may have great influence on theeffectiveness and efficiency of hospital management. Evaluation system is one of the most importantissues that is greatly emphasized in the management system. This paper evaluate HIS based on Ahituv andNeumann model. The general objective of this study was to assess HIS in hospitals where Kowsarsoftware is in use.Methods: This study used a descriptive-field survey approach and carried out in 2012. The data werecollected via both field and library sources. Subset of this research contained ten governmental hospitalsunder supervision of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Indeed, the Kowsar software wasinstalled in all the studied hospitals. Since the number of subjects was 209, it was feasible to use all staff.The volunteers were given localized questionnaires based on Ahituv and Neumann model indices (time,content, and structure) to assess the HIS. The questionnaire included 37 items with regard to the fivechoicelikert scale. The elite panel confirmed questionnaire content validity. In addition, reliability wascalculated via Cronbach’s alpha (0.85).Results: Data analysis showed that there were two true hypotheses among the three. In fact, both time andcontent were verified with 0.95 reliability rate but the structure was not in an acceptable level.Conclusion: The HIS governing the organization was in a proper condition in terms of timeline, accuracy,relevancy, and appropriateness of brevity; however, in terms of frequency, period, and universality it wasnot satisfactory and needed modification. HIS basically requires restructuring and also detailedinformation and several figures and charts to illustrate statistical outputs. Altogether, a newer version ofKowsar can be released to overcome the drawbacks.
Original Article
Nahid Soleymani; Ahmad Shabani; Saeed Rajaee Pour
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 58-66
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of postmodern management components such as persuading, selfcontrolling,servant leadership, proactive organizing, innovation and co-creating, have raised doubts abouttraditional management models. The present study aimed to review the application rate of postmodernmanagement ...
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Introduction: The emergence of postmodern management components such as persuading, selfcontrolling,servant leadership, proactive organizing, innovation and co-creating, have raised doubts abouttraditional management models. The present study aimed to review the application rate of postmodernmanagement components in the libraries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Methods: In this descriptive survey, the study population consisted of all the staff of libraries in IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences (n = 78). The sample size was estimated as 55 subjects that were recruitedusing the stratified random sampling method in 2010-2011. To collect the data, a researcher-madequestionnaire was used for the existing and the ideal situations. Its validity was confirmed by the facevalidity and using Cronbach’s alpha the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated as 0.97 for theexisting situation and 0.96 for the ideal situation. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferentialstatistics i.e. one-sample t-test, independent t-test, chi-square, Hotelling, analysis of variance (ANOVA)and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test by the SPSS software.Results: The mean scores of postmodern management components in the existing situation were lowerthan the average and in ideal situation were higher than the average. There was also a significantdifference between mean scores of postmodern management components in the existing situation based ondemographic factor of gender in components of self-controlling, servant leadership, and innovation; and inideal situation based on demographic factor of type of work in co-creating (P < 0.05).Conclusion: With the advent of the postmodern era and considering the importance of management as anessential pillar of development and progress, managers of academic libraries should be acquainted withpostmodern management and should apply its components for appropriate management of libraries.
Original Article
Maryam Aghareb Parast; Ahmad Shabani; Hadi Sharif Moghaddam; Fatemeh Naderikharaji
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 67-78
Abstract
Perspectives of Librarians in University of Isfahan, Iran and IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences about the Necessity of Stuart Lee’sCollection Development Factors in Libraries of University*
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Perspectives of Librarians in University of Isfahan, Iran and IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences about the Necessity of Stuart Lee’sCollection Development Factors in Libraries of University*
Original Article
Maryam Okhovati; Mahmood Nekoueimoghadam; Mohammadreza Amiresmaili; Mina Moradzadeh; Mahmood Moosazadeh
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 79-89
Abstract
Introduction: Obtaining top academic position among countries of the Middle East and having advancedknowledge and ability to produce knowledge are among the most important goals set in Iran’s twenty-yearvision. Present study aimed to determine impact factor of specialized and technical journals ...
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Introduction: Obtaining top academic position among countries of the Middle East and having advancedknowledge and ability to produce knowledge are among the most important goals set in Iran’s twenty-yearvision. Present study aimed to determine impact factor of specialized and technical journals of Iran and tocompare with selected countries and provide appropriate recommendation.Methods: In this comparative study which was conducted through cross-sectional method in winter 2012,impact factor and quantitative indices of some Iranian published journals were compared with journals oftwenty five countries. Countries were selected based on Islamic Republic of Iran’s vision. A checklist wasused for data collection whose validity was confirmed using expert opinion and its reliability was 100%;because the variables were objective and consensus was present between two researchers on dataextraction. Required data were extracted from 2009 and 2010 Journal Citation Reports® (JCR). Mean ofImpact factor was obtained for each country using descriptive statistics. Finally, the countries were rankedbased on total scores acquired by each country.Results: Twenty five studied countries had 1440 and 1507 specialized and technical journals with 87(6.04%) and 124 (8.23%) ISI indexed in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Growth of published journal in Iran,Turkey and Pakistan was 9.7%, 4.5% and 2.1%, respectively in 2010 compared to 2009; however, thisnumber for 2010 ISI indexed journals for Armenia, Turkey, Pakistan and Iran was 200%, 58.1%, 57.1%and 36%, respectively.Conclusion: Turkey, Iran and Pakistan with 20, 14 and 9 points, respectively were the first three countriesamong twenty five studied countries based on science production indices. This study indicated that Iranianscholars had lots of efforts in producing science in recent years, with considerable advances every yearcompared to previous year. To achieve goals of twenty-year vision, considering ISI standards, easy accessof scholars to paper and journals and publishing joint papers should be placed in the agenda of theauthorities and process owners
Original Article
Sima Shafie; Rasoul Nouri; Alireza Rahimi; Parisa Shafie; Roghaieh Ghazavi
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 1-11
Abstract
Introduction: Library software is a computer-based program that is used in libraries and informationcenters for information storage, processing and retrieval. Interface environment is a part of librarysoftware that establishes connection between computer and user and also shifts information between userand ...
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Introduction: Library software is a computer-based program that is used in libraries and informationcenters for information storage, processing and retrieval. Interface environment is a part of librarysoftware that establishes connection between computer and user and also shifts information between userand the system. The present study aimed to determine the attitudes of librarians in Isfahan University ofMedical Sciences towards the specifications of Pars Azarakhsh library software interface in 2009.Methods: A questionnaire was used for data collection, consisting of 51 closed questions. The studypopulation included the librarians in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Librarians were all thosewho were working in libraries of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (n = 50). Descriptive statisticsmethods and correlation test were used for data analysis.Results: The results of this research showed that librarians believed some factors like pageant, vocabularyand messages of software as well as learning how to use software were in medium and upper thanmedium. Moreover, librarian's attitude toward help and other capabilities was lower than medium. All thelibrarians believed that Pars Azarakhsh software user interface environment was medium (3.20). Inaddition, there was a non-significant difference between Pars Azarakhsh software user interface andcomputer literacy of librarians. There was a significant difference between letters and messages ofsoftware and library literacy of librarians and there was no significant difference between other variablesof Pars Azarakhsh software user interface and library literacy of librarians.Conclusion: Findings showed that librarians' view about Pars Azarakhsh variables was at medium level.Among these variables, some such as how to work with software, pageant, vocabulary, and messages ofsoftware were in the best situation. However, help features and other capabilities need to be developed more.
Original Article
Mohammadreza Hashemian; Mohammad Janatikia; Alireza Hashemian
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 101-108
Abstract
Introduction: Information seeking skills has an important role in independent searching and enables oneto have a strong research. The aim of this study was to investigate information seeking skills among theresidents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Methods: It was a descriptive study. ...
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Introduction: Information seeking skills has an important role in independent searching and enables oneto have a strong research. The aim of this study was to investigate information seeking skills among theresidents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Methods: It was a descriptive study. Morgan sampling table used to select 248 residents from 659residents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The data were collected using a researcher-madequestionnaire which was validated by expert and its reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha (0.83).Results: Only 3.9% of the residents attended in Iranian National Medical Digital Library (INLM)workshop and only 16.2% of them were registered to INLM. 38.3% of them were familiar with up-to-datedatabase and 25.8% of them used it. 48.4% of them used "advanced search". 49.2% of them used "bullionoperations" and only 13.3% of them were familiar with databases’ facilities to manage their search results.Only 5.5% of them always evaluated the retrieved information.Conclusion: Information seeking skills of residents was very low. Attending in workshops on databaseand information literacy can help them to improve their skills and have better research.
Original Article
Mahnoosh Amini; Aboulghassem Nouri; Hossein Samavatyan,
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 109-117
Abstract
Introduction: Communication skills are of high importance nowadays. Due to their occupational position,nurses need appropriate and sufficient skills to communicate with their colleagues and patients in order toachieve peace and satisfaction. The present study aimed to determine the effect of communication ...
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Introduction: Communication skills are of high importance nowadays. Due to their occupational position,nurses need appropriate and sufficient skills to communicate with their colleagues and patients in order toachieve peace and satisfaction. The present study aimed to determine the effect of communication skillstraining on the overall amount of general health (and its dimensions) in nurses of Kashani Hospital,Isfahan, Iran.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental research in which the statistical sample included all the nursesemployed by Kashani Hospital in 2009 (158 male and female nurses in 12 wards). By applying the relativecategorical random sampling method, 20 participants were assigned to the experimental group and the rest(n = 20) were assigned to the control group. Eight sessions of communication skills training were held forthe experimental group. The standard General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to measure andevaluate the general health in pre-intervention and post-intervention phases. To determine the reliability ofeach questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was utilized which provided us with 0.78. Analysis ofthe data took place on two levels of descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) and inferentialstatistics i.e. analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: Communication skills training increased the general health by 73% and decreases depression,anxiety, and social and physical dysfunction by 75%, 72%, 72%, 34%, respectively (P < 0.01).Conclusion: Designing and applying standard communication skills training sessions, tied with the helpof specialized lecturers, will have a significant effect on human communication, relations, organizationalcitizenship behavior, and general health of the staff.
Original Article
Samira Yadegari; Tahere Yaghoob i; Sayed Saeed Ayat
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 118-127
Abstract
Introduction: Intellectual capitals in an organization are assets that their value is increased over time andwith sharing with others. Since hospitals are dominant in providing medical services, management ofintangible assets could be very important for them. To avoid the waste of costs and efforts, ...
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Introduction: Intellectual capitals in an organization are assets that their value is increased over time andwith sharing with others. Since hospitals are dominant in providing medical services, management ofintangible assets could be very important for them. To avoid the waste of costs and efforts, it is necessaryto identify the priority and importance of each dimension of intellectual capitals in hospitals, and then todevelop and manage them.Methods: This was a descriptive survey which was conducted in three hospitals in Isfahan, Iran in 2010.Theoretical studies were based on library investigation and corresponding data were collected through predesignedquestionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by some specialists inmanagement, and its reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.89). The sample size wasestimated to be 200 subjects. Some descriptive statistics were presented and the inference for evaluatingthe importance of intellectual capital dimensions in medical sector was based on student t-test. The webdiagram was used for prioritizing the dimensions.Results: Among the intellectual capital dimensions considered in medical sector, the importance of threedimensions of human capital, customer capital and process were higher than average level. Innovationdimension had a moderate significance in intellectual capital while the value of financial capital andinformation technology was low.Conclusion: Various dimensions of intellectual capitals in hospitals will exhibit different importance.Therefore, administrators of hospitals must provide good foundation for utilization of all assets andproduce knowledge, wealth and innovation
Original Article
Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi; Kamal Gholipour; Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; Mojtaba Mohammad Zadeh; Mostafa Farahbakhsh
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 128-137
Abstract
Introduction: Evaluation is a suitable way to improve the healthcare quality. At the other hand, qualityand validity of information is an important factor in this process. The aim of this study was to assessadjustment and agreement between medical records data and pregnant women reported healthcare data ...
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Introduction: Evaluation is a suitable way to improve the healthcare quality. At the other hand, qualityand validity of information is an important factor in this process. The aim of this study was to assessadjustment and agreement between medical records data and pregnant women reported healthcare data inprenatal maternity care.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 185 pregnant women who were selected randomlyand received maternity care from 40 urban health centers and health posts in Tabriz, Iran. Technicalquality data were obtained from two different sources medical record and pregnant women reported data.Questionnaire’s content validity was reviewed and confirmed by 10 experts and its reliability wasconfirmed based on Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.748). Weighted Kappa and ICC (intra-class correlationcoefficient) were used to analyze each item. Data were analyzed using the STATA ver.10 and SPSSver.17 statistical packages.Results: There was a weak agreement between the two data sources. Only in some services there was amoderate agreement such as number of care (Kappa = 0.56), blood pressure and weight measurement(Kappa = 0.55). In registration time to health center (P = 0.95, 95%CI 0.931-0.962) and awareness ofpregnancy (P = 0.87, 95%CI 0.824-0.903) there was a strong agreement between medical document andcustomers reported data.Conclusion: For some services such as pregnancy education, it is preferred to use pregnant womenreported data, because such data are a form of output assessment. Furthermore, due to a defect in therecording services, customers’ reported data were more valid than the health records.
Original Article
Farzaneh Eghbal; Mohammad Hossein Yarmohamadian; Sayyed Ali Siadat; Reza Hoveida; Alireza Yazdani
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 138-145
Abstract
Introduction: Self-assessment in healthcare is inevitable, like in all other sections. Scarce resources,necessity of performance refining, vitality of provided services and quality of services are evidence fornecessity of having a proper system of self-assessment of performance in this area. Hence, the ...
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Introduction: Self-assessment in healthcare is inevitable, like in all other sections. Scarce resources,necessity of performance refining, vitality of provided services and quality of services are evidence fornecessity of having a proper system of self-assessment of performance in this area. Hence, the purpose ofpresent study was to study areas of improvement based on European Foundation for quality Management(EFQM) Excellence Model in Imam Mousa Kazem Hospital, Isfahan, Iran.Methods: The present study used a descriptive cross-sectional method. Statistical population consisted ofexperts and hospital senior managers in Imam Mousa Kazem Hospital in 2002. The study tools included astandard questionnaire of EFQM whose validity was confirmed by faculty members and experts and itsreliability was obtained at 0.97 through Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was done in nine areas usingSPSS software. The study population were hospital top managers in 2002 who were selected throughcensus method. Data were collected using questionnaire based on EFQM model. Collected data wereanalyzed through RADAR rationale.Results: Imam Mousa Kazem Hospital obtained 599 points in its assessment; however, the area of enablersobtained 300 and area of results obtained 299 points. Obtained percentages for each of nine areas are asfollows: Leadership (60), policies and strategy (58), employees (68), resources and partners (60), processes(56), customers result (58), employees result (60), community results (63) and key performance (61%).Conclusion: The self-assessment based of EFQM model resulted in an information system of strength andweakness points in 9 areas so that RADAR logic, weakness points were determined for the interventionand improvement areas.
Original Article
Saeed Asefzadeh; Mehran Alijanzadeh; Sajad Gholamalipour; Ali Farzaneh
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 146-153
Abstract
Introduction: Direct cash payments are the principal sources of health care finance in most countries.Health services may impose a regressive cost burden on households, especially in developing countries.The purpose of this study was to calculate households encountered with catastrophic healthcareexpenditures ...
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Introduction: Direct cash payments are the principal sources of health care finance in most countries.Health services may impose a regressive cost burden on households, especially in developing countries.The purpose of this study was to calculate households encountered with catastrophic healthcareexpenditures in Qazvin, Iran.Methods: The statistical society included 100 household equaled to 416 people. The data were collectedusing self-administered questionnaire. The capacity to pay of households was calculated by two methods.If the costs of household health were ≥ 40% of their capacity for payment, it would be considered ascatastrophic expenditures.Results: According to the findings, the rate of confronting households with health catastrophicexpenditures had been estimated 24%, which dentistry services had the highest part in health catastrophicexpenditures.Conclusion: Low capacity to pay families should be supported against these expenditures and morefinancial aid should be provided for them.
مقاله مروری نقلی
Hajar Sotudeh; Kianoosh Rashidi
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014, Pages 154-168
Abstract
Modern information and communication technologies have brought about rapidity and ease leading tomore comfort and welfare in our life. However, the users' health and safety would be seriously in dangerin the case of misuse. The present paperattemptedto review the literature on the undesirable effects ...
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Modern information and communication technologies have brought about rapidity and ease leading tomore comfort and welfare in our life. However, the users' health and safety would be seriously in dangerin the case of misuse. The present paperattemptedto review the literature on the undesirable effects ofinformation technologies on the health and safety of humans and their environment and therebyemphasized the necessity of training users. The results revealed that unmanaged use of information andcommunication technologies may result in widespread detrimental effects including physical disorders,diseases and anomalies. In addition, the environment safety is threatened by a variety of e-wastes andpollutants. Among several solutions put forward to fight the threats, training users and developing nationalmanagement strategies are the most basic ones. Information and communication technologies extensionand education programs should train users about how to reasonably use the technologies, how to avoid theprobable risks, andin particular, encourage them to choose greentechnologies.
Index
Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2014
Abstract
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