نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، مدیریت خدمات بهداشتی درمانی، مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت بیمارستانی هاشمینژاد ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استاد، مدیریت خدمات بهداشتی درمانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تهران، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار، مدیریت خدمات بهداشتی درمانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیهالله (عج)، تهران، ایران.
4 دکترای تخصصی، مدیریت خدمات بهداشتی درمانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
مقدمه: دسترسی عادلانه به خدمات پایهی سلامت با حداقل کیفیت و هزینهی قابل پرداخت حق مسلم هر شهروند است و در هر کشور دولت موظف است که این خدمات را به شکلی عادلانه در اختیار شهروندان قرار دهد. تجارت بینالمللی خدمات سلامت بر موازنهی بین توزیع عادلانهی این خدمات، ایجاد انگیزه برای افزایش کارایی نظام سلامت و مدیریت منابع محدود مالی دولتها تأثیر قابل توجهی میگذارد و پیامدهای مثبت یا منفی برای نظام سلامت و جامعه به همراه میآورد. در این مقاله ضمن معرفی الگوهای مختلف تجارت خدمات سلامت، به فرصتها و چالشهای حاصل از این نوع تجارت در کشورهای منتخب در منطقهی آسه آن به منظور آشنایی سیاستگذاران و دستاندرکاران صنعت سلامت ایران با این نوع از تجارت و استفاده از آن در تصمیمگیریها و مطالعات آینده پرداخته شده است. روش بررسی: این مقاله حاصل بخشی از یک پژوهش توصیفی- تطبیقی (در مقطع زمانی 89- 1387) و کاربردی در زمینهی تجارت بینالمللی خدمات سلامت است و اطلاعات مورد نیاز در این مقاله از طریق مطالعهی منابع دیجیتال و چاپی گردآوری شده است. جامعهی پژوهش سه کشور عضو «آسه آن» شامل مالزی، سنگاپور و تایلند را در بر گرفته، از دادههای گردآوری شده به منظور ارایهی تصویری کلی از وضعیت تجارت بینالمللی خدمات سلامت در منطقهی فوق و مقایسهی فرصتها و چالشهای این تجارت استفاده شده است. یافتهها: تجارت بینالمللی خدمات سلامت در قالب چهار روش کلی عرضهی برون مرزی خدمات سلامت از راه دور، دریافت خدمات در خارج از کشور (گردشگری سلامت)، حضور تجاری (سرمایهگذاری مستقیم خارجی) و مهاجرت موقت اشخاص حقیقی (متخصصین سلامت) انجام شده در کشورهای مورد مطالعه میباشد و فرصتی برای کسب درآمد ارزی و ارتقای سطح کیفیت خدمات موجود و چالشهایی در زمینهی رقابت با سایر کشورها و نیز در ارتباط با دسترسی و فراهم بودن خدمات مورد نیاز جامعهی تحت پوشش است، در نتیجهی افزایش تقاضای داخلی و کمبود منابع انسانی در بخش سلامت ایجاد میکند. نتیجهگیری: مهمترین چالشهای توسعهی تجارت خدمات سلامت در منطقهی آسه آن، تسریع در اعتبار بخشی مراکز ارایهی خدمات، قابلیت انتقال بیمهها، حمایت از بخش خصوصی، همکاری بخش دولتی و خصوصی و توسعهی تجارت بر اساس مزیتهای نسبی هر کشور در راستای توسعهی بخش سلامت است. واژههای کلیدی: تجارت بینالمللی؛ خدمات سلامت؛ گردشگری پزشکی.
عنوان مقاله [English]
International Trade in Health Services in the Selected Countries of ASEAN Region; Challenges and Opportunities
نویسندگان [English]
- Sogand Tourani 1
- Sayed Jamaledin Tabibi 2
- Shahram Tofighi 3
- Nasrin Shaarbafchi zadeh 4
1 Assistant Professor, Health Services Management, Hashemi Nezhad Hospital Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Health Services Management, Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Health Services Management, Baghiat Allah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Health Services Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction: Equitable access to a basic set of health services at minimum quality and affordable price is the right of every citizen and in all countries the governments have the duty to deliver these services to the population. International trade in health services influences the balance between equitable distribution of these services, creating incentives to improve the efficiency of health systems, and managing the limited financial resourcesof the governments. It also creates opportunities and challenges for health systems and communities. This paper reviewed different modes of trade in health services and investigated the opportunities and challenges resulted from this kind of trade in the selected countries of ASEAN region to make Iranian health policy makers and operators aware of trade in health sector.Methods: This paper was resulted from a section of an applied descriptive-comparative study about international trade in health services conducted during 2008-2010. Data was collected using digital and printed resources. The research population included 3 countries of ASEAN region, namely Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The extracted information was used to generally picture the status of international trade in health services in the region and to compare the related opportunities and challenges.Results: International trade in health services in the studied countries involved 4 modes including supply as cross-border supply of the services, consumption abroad (health tourism), commercial presence (foreign direct investment), and temporary immigration of persons (health professionals). The trade provides opportunities for earning revenues and promoting the quality of available health services, but it also raises challenges in competing with other countries (of ASEAN) and in accessibility and affordability of health services for the country population.Conclusion: The most important challenges the ASEAN countries face in developing trade in health services include accelerating credit provision for service providers, portability of health insurance, developing and protecting the private sector, cooperation between the public and private sectors, and expanding the trade based on relative strengths of each country in order to improve the health sector.Keywords: International Trade; Health Services; Medical Tourism.
- Arunanondchai J, Fink C. Trade in health services in the ASEAN region. Health Promot Int 2006; 21(suppl 1): 59-66.
- Siddiqi S, Shennawy A, Mirza Z, Drager N, Sabri B. Assessing
- trade in health services in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean from a
- public health perspective. Int J Health Plann Manage 2010; 25(3): 231-50.
- Cattaneo O. Trade in Health Services What's in it for
- Developing Countries? The World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic
- Management Network, International Trade Department [Online]. 2009; Available
- from: URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/11/05/000158349_20091105153652/Rendered/PDF/WPS5115.pdf/
- Dee P, Dihh H. Barriers to Trade in Health and Financial
- Services in ASEAN [Online]. 2009; Available from: URL: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/erawpaper/d014.htm/
- Tullao TS, Cortez MA. Development of a private sector
- framework for ASEAN trade negotiations: Health care sector [Online]. 2006;
- Available from: URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADJ692.pdf/
- Smith RD, Chanda PR, Tangcharoensathien V. Trade in
- health-related services. The Lancet 2009; 373(9663): 593-601.
- Cortez N. Patients without Borders: The Emerging Global
- Market for Patients and the Evolution of Modern Health Care. Indiana Law
- Journal 2008; 83(24). Availbale from: URL:
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=982742/
- Lautier M. Export of health services from developing
- countries: the case of Tunisia. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67(1): 101-10.
- Bernal R. The Globalization of Health care Industry:
- Opportunities For the Caribbean. Cepal Review 2007; 92: 83-99.
- ESCAP. Medical Travel in Asia and Pacific; Challenges and
- Opportunities [Online]. 2007; Available from: URL: http://www.unescap.org/ESID/hds/lastestadd/MedicalTourismReport09.pdf/
- Joint Commission International (JCI). Accredited
- Organizations [Online]. 2008; Available from: URL: http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/23218/iortiz/
- Smith R. Trade in Health Services: Current Challenges and
- Future Prospects of Globalization. In: Jones AM, Editor. The Elgar companion
- to health economics.London: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2006. p. 167.
- Blouin C, Gobrecht J, Lethbridge J, Singh D, Smith R, Warner
- D. Trade in Health Services under the Four Modes of Supply: Review of
- Current Trends and Policy issues. In: Blouin C, Drager N, Smith R, Editors.
- International trade in health services and the GATS: current issues and
- debates.Washington (DC): World Bank Publications; 2006. p. 203-8.
- Chanda R. Trade in Health Services. World Health
- Organization 2002; 80(2): 158.
- Heinzelmann P, Chau R, Liu D, Kvedar J. Cross Cultural
- Telemedicine Via Email: Experience in Cambodia and the USA. In: Wootton RW,
- Patil NG, Ho K, Editors. Telehealth in the Developing World.London: IDRC;
- p. 135-48.
- Wibulpolprasert S, Pachanee CA, Pitayarangsarit S, Hempisut
- P. International service trade and its implications for human resources for
- health: a case study of Thailand. Hum Resour Health 2004; 2(1): 10.
- Smith RD. Foreign direct investment and trade in health
- services: a review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59(11): 2313-23.
- Mortensen J. International Trade in Health Services
- assessing the Trade and the Trade-Offs. DIIS Working Paper 2008; 2008(11):
- Widiatmoko D, Gani A. International Relations within
- Indonesia Hospital Sector. In: Drager N, Vieira C, Editors. Trade in health
- services: global, regional, and country perspectives.Texas: Pan American
- Health Organization, Program on Public Policy and Health, Division of Health
- and Human Development; 2002. p. 108-17.
- Chanda R. Foreign Investment in Hospitals in India: Status
- and Implications [Online]; 2007; Available from: URL: http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Trade_Agreement_FDI-1.pdf/
- Rahman M. Bangladesh- India Bilateral trade: an
- Investigation into Trade in Services [Online]. 2007; Available from: URL:
- http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/28871.html/
- Kumar P, Simi TB. Barriers to Movement of Health
- Professionals: A Case Study of India. CUST Center for International Trade,
- Economics and Environment [Online]. 2007; Available from: URL; http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Trade_Agreement_Barriers_to_Movement_of_Healthcare_Professionals.pdf/
- Representative Office in Malaysia. WHO Country Cooperation
- Strategy Malaysia 2006-2008 [Online]. 2009; Available from: URL: www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs/
- Leng CH. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No.
- , Medical Tourism in Malaysia: International Movement of Healthcare
- Consumers and the Commodification of Healthcare [Online]. 2007; Available
- from: URL: http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps07_083.pdf/
- Opportunity in Asian Medical Tourism (2007-2010) [Online].
- ; Available from: URL: http://www.rncos.com/Report/IM0102.htm/
- Khoo L. Trends in Foreign Patients admission in Singapore.
- MOH information Paper [Online]. 2003; Available from: URL;
- http://www.moh-uat.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/uploadedFiles/Publications/Information_Papers/2003/
- TRENDS_IN_FOREIGN_PATIENT_ADMISSION_IN_SINGAPORE.pdf/
- Lethbridge J. Strategies of Multinational Health Care
- Companies in Europe and Asia. In: Mackintosh M, Koivusalo M, Editors.
- Commercialization of health care: global and local dynamics and policy
- responses.Sydney: Palgrave Macmillan; 2005.
- Herrick D. Medical Tourism: Global Competition in Health
- Care. NCPA Policy Report [Online]. 2007; Available from: URL: http://www.ncpa.org/pub/st304/
- Sitthi-amorn C, Somrongthong R, Janjaroen WS. Some health
- implications of globalization in Thailand. Bull World Health Organ 2001;
- (9): 889-90.
- Janjaroen W. Supakankuntis. International trade in health
- Services in the Millennium: The Case of Thailand. In: Drager N, Vieira C,
- Editors. Trade in health services: global, regional, and country
- perspectives.Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization, Program on
- Public Policy and Health, Division of Health and Human Development; 2002. p.
- -106.
- Mikic M. Health-related Services in Multilateral and
- Preferential Trade Arrangements in Asia and the Pacific [Online]. 2007;
- Available from: URL: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/escwpaper/3007.htm/
- Davis L, Erixon F. The health of nations: Conceptualizing
- approaches to trade in health Care. ECIPE policy Briefs 2008; 4: 1-12.