1. Kabirzadeh A, Rezazadeh E, Mohseni S B. Frequency and causes of discharge against physician advice in Buali
hospital in Sari. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2008; 2(4): 57-62.
2. Khalighinejad N, Ataie M, Hadizadeh F. A guideline to clinical governance. Isfahan, Iran: Isfahan Medical
University Publication; 2008. 3. Nguyen Thi PL, Briancon S, Empereur F, Guillemin F. Factors determining inpatient satisfaction with care. Soc
Sci Med 2002; 54(4): 493-504.
4. Rao JK, Weinberger M, Kroenke K. Visit-specific expectations and patient-centered outcomes: a literature
review. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9(10): 1148-55.
5. Weingart SN, Davis RB, Phillips RS. Patients discharged against medical advice from a general medicine service.
J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13(8): 568-71.
6. Onukwugha EC, Shaya FT, Saunders E, Weir MR. Ethnic disparities, hospital quality, and discharges against
medical advice among patients with cardiovascular disease. Ethn Dis 2009; 19(2): 172-8.
7. Taqueti VR. Leaving against medical advice. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(3): 213-5.
8. Carrese JA. Refusal of care: patients' well-being and physicians' ethical obligations: "but doctor, I want to go
home". JAMA 2006; 296(6): 691-5.
9. Brook M, Hilty DM, Liu W, Hu R, Frye MA. Discharge against medical advice from inpatient psychiatric
treatment: a literature review. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57(8): 1192-8.
10. Jeffer EK. Against medical advice: Part I, A review of the literature. Mil Med 1993; 158(2): 69-73.
11.Alebiosu CO, Raimi TH. Discharge against medical advice. Trop Doct 2003; 33(3): 191-2.
12.Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information. Hospital discharges by leading diagnoses and gender, Canada,
1999/00 [online]. [cited 2003 Jan 21]; Available from: URL:
http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/en/media_26sep2001_tab4_e.html
13. Smith DB, Telles JL. Discharges against medical advice at regional acute care hospitals. Am J Public Health
1991; 81(2): 212-5.
14. Saitz R, Ghali WA, Moskowitz MA. The impact of leaving against medical advice on hospital resource
utilization. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15(2): 103-7.
15.Alebiosu CO, Raimi TH. A study of hospital patients' discharge against medical advice in the Ogun State
University teaching hospital, Sagamu Nigeria. Nigeria Medical Practitioner 2001; 40: 33-5.
16.Anis AH, Sun H, Guh DP, Palepu A, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV. Leaving hospital against medical
advice among HIV-positive patients. CMAJ 2002; 167(6): 633-7.
17. Seaborn MH, Osmun WE. Discharges against medical advice: a community hospital's experience. Can J Rural
Med 2004; 9(3): 148-53.
18. Franks P, Meldrum S, Fiscella K. Discharges against medical advice: are race/ethnicity predictors? J Gen Intern
Med 2006; 21(9): 955-60.
19.Ding R, Jung JJ, Kirsch TD, Levy F, McCarthy ML. Uncompleted emergency department care: patients who
leave against medical advice. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14(10): 870-6.
20.Devitt PJ, Devitt AC, Dewan M. Does identifying a discharge as "against medical advice" confer legal
protection? J Fam Pract 2000; 49(3): 224-7.
21.Hwang SW, Li J, Gupta R, Chien V, Martin RE. What happens to patients who leave hospital against medical
advice? CMAJ 2003; 168(4): 417-20.
22.Glick ID, Braff DL, Johnson G, Showstack JA. Outcome of irregularly discharged psychiatric patients. Am J
Psychiatry 1981; 138(11): 1472-6.
23.Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press;
2001.
24.Devitt PJ, Devitt AC, Dewan M. An examination of whether discharging patients against medical advice protects
physicians from malpractice charges. Psychiatr Serv 2000; 51(7): 899-902.
25. Saitz R, Ghali WA, Moskowitz MA. Characteristics of patients with pneumonia who are discharged from
hospitals against medical advice. Am J Med 1999; 107(5): 507-9.
26.Berger JT. Discharge against medical advice: ethical considerations and professional obligations. J Hosp Med
2008; 3(5): 403-8.
27.Mallardi V. The origin of informed consent. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2005; 25(5): 312-27. [In Italian].
28. Tavallaei SA, Asari Sh, Habibi M, Khodami HR, Siavoshi Y, Nouhi S, et al. Discharge against medical active
from psychiatric ward. J Mil Med 2006; 8(1): 24-30.
29.Akiode O, Musa AA, Shonubi AM, Salami BA, Oyelekan AA. Trends of discharges against medical advice in a
suburban surgical practice in Nigeria. Trop Doct 2005; 35(1): 51-2.
30. Jones RC, Holden T. A guide to assessing decision-making capacity. Cleve Clin J Med 2004; 71(12): 971-5.